What is a Simple Sentence?
A simple sentence has:
One subject (who or what the sentence is about)
One verb (action or state)
Optional: an object or extra info
It expresses a complete idea
Structure: Subject + Verb (+ Object/extra info)
Example 1:
Ravi eats.
🔹 Ravi = Subject (a noun – person)
🔹 eats = Verb (action)
This sentence makes complete sense
Example 2:
The dog barks.
🔹 The dog = Subject
🔹 barks = Verb
One subject, one verb = simple sentence
Example 3:
She sings songs.
🔹 She = Subject (pronoun)
🔹 sings = Verb
🔹 songs = Object (noun – what she sings)
Complete idea = Simple sentence
Example 4:
Birds fly in the sky.
🔹 Birds = Subject
🔹 fly = Verb
🔹 in the sky = Prepositional phrase (extra info)
Still a simple sentence – only one main clause
Example 5:
I like ice cream.
I = Subject (pronoun)
like = Verb
ice cream = Object (noun)
It makes complete sense = Simple sentence
Why are these called Simple Sentences?
Because:
Only one subject and one verb
No joining of two sentences
No dependent clauses (like "because", "when", etc.)
SUMMARY of SIMPLE SENTENCES:
Sentence Subject Verb Object/Extra Info
Ravi eats.-- Ravi --eats —
The dog barks.-- The dog-- barks —
She sings songs. --She --sings --songs
Birds fly in the sky.-- Birds-- fly --in the sky (preposition)
I like ice cream. --I --like --ice cream
Now we move to PART 2: COMPOUND SENTENCES
What is a Compound Sentence?
A compound sentence has:
Two independent clauses (simple sentences)
Joined by a conjunction like:
and, but, or, so, yet
Structure: Simple Sentence + Conjunction + Simple Sentence
Example 1:
Ravi plays cricket and Riya watches TV.
🔹 Ravi plays cricket = simple sentence 1
🔹 Riya watches TV = simple sentence 2
🔹 and = conjunction (joins both)
This is a compound sentence.
Example 2:
She was tired but she finished her work.
🔹 1st clause: She was tired
🔹 2nd clause: She finished her work
🔹 Joined by: but
Two complete thoughts = compound sentence
Example 3:
You can come with me or you can stay home.
🔹 Two full sentences:
You can come with me
You can stay home
🔹 Joined by: or
Compound sentence
Why are these called Compound Sentences?
Because:
They contain two complete sentences
Joined using coordinating conjunctions (FANBOYS):
FANBOYS =
> For, And, Nor, But, Or, Yet, So
SUMMARY of COMPOUND SENTENCES:
Sentence Clause 1 Conjunction Clause 2
Ravi plays cricket and Riya watches TV. Ravi plays cricket-- and ---Riya watches TV
She was tired but she finished her work. She was tired --but ---she finished her work
You can come or you can stay. You can come-- or --you can stay
-Now we move to PART 3: COMPLEX SENTENCES
What is a Complex Sentence?
A complex sentence has:
One main (independent) clause
One or more dependent clauses
Uses words like: because, when, if, although, since
Structure:
Main Clause + Dependent Clause
or
Dependent Clause + Main Clause
Example 1:
I stayed home because it was raining.
🔹 Main clause: I stayed home
🔹 Dependent clause: because it was raining
Complex sentence
Example 2:
When the bell rang, the students left.
🔹 Dependent clause: When the bell rang
🔹 Main clause: the students left
Complete meaning + a condition = Complex
Example 3:
Although he was tired, he finished the project.
🔹 Dependent: Although he was tired
🔹 Main: he finished the project
One complete idea with one supporting idea = Complex
Why are these called Complex Sentences?
Because:
They mix one main idea and one supporting idea
The supporting part cannot stand alone
SUMMARY of COMPLEX SENTENCES:
Sentence Main Clause Dependent Clause
I stayed home because it was raining. --I stayed home--- because it was raining
When the bell rang, the students left. --the students left --When the bell rang
Although he was tired, he finished the project.---- he finished the project --Although he was tired
FINAL QUICK RECAP:
Type Structure Example
Simple --1 Subject + 1 Verb--- Ravi eats lunch.
Compound --2 Simple sentences + Conjunction ----She ran fast and he followed.
Complex-- 1 Main + 1 Dependent clause-- I went home because I was tired.
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WHAT IS A PARAGRAPH?
And on what basis it is formed using everything we’ve learned — explained line by line, in a simple, clear, and easy manner.
Step 1: What is a Paragraph?
A paragraph is a group of sentences that talk about one main idea.
It’s not just one sentence. It’s usually 3 to 6 sentences (sometimes more) that are connected and stay on one topic.
Example Paragraph:
> My Pet Dog
I have a pet dog named Bruno.
He is very friendly and playful.
He loves to run in the garden and catch the ball.
I feed him every day and take care of him.
I love Bruno very much.
This paragraph talks only about the dog.
All sentences are connected.
It has a beginning, middle, and end.
Step 2: Parts of a Paragraph
We build a paragraph in 3 parts:
Part What it does Example
1 Topic Sentence Introduces the main idea I have a pet dog named Bruno.
2 Body Sentences Gives details, examples, reasons He is very friendly. He loves to run…
3 Conclusion Finishes the idea or adds a final thought I love Bruno very much.
Step 3: On What Basis We Build Paragraphs (using Parts of Speech & Sentence Types)
Let’s now understand how we use everything learned:
1. Nouns – to tell WHO or WHAT the paragraph is about
> e.g., dog, school, family, book, friend
2. Pronouns – to avoid repeating nouns
> e.g., he, she, it, they
3. Verbs – to show actions
> e.g., runs, eats, plays, studies
4. Adjectives – to describe nouns
> e.g., friendly dog, beautiful garden
5. Adverbs – to describe actions
> e.g., runs quickly, speaks politely
6. Prepositions – to show location/time
> e.g., in the park, at school, on the bed
7. Conjunctions – to join ideas
> e.g., and, but, so, because
8. Sentence types – mix of:
Simple sentences
Some compound sentences
Maybe one complex sentence
Step-by-Step Paragraph Building (Line-by-Line)
Let’s build a paragraph line by line, using all the above.
Topic: My School
-Line 1: Start with a Topic Sentence
> I study at Green Valley School.
Noun: school
Verb: study
Clear topic
Line 2: Describe your school
> It is a big and beautiful place.
Pronoun: It
Adjectives: big, beautiful
Line 3: Add action/details
> The teachers teach us well and help us in every subject.
Verb: teach, help
Conjunction: and
Simple + compound sentence
Line 4: Add more activities
> We play games in the ground during break time.
Verb: play
Preposition: in the ground, during
Adverb: during break time
Line 5: Conclude with your feeling
> I love my school because it makes me feel happy.
Conjunction: because
Complex sentence
Personal opinion
Final Paragraph:
> My School
I study at Green Valley School.
It is a big and beautiful place.
The teachers teach us well and help us in every subject.
We play games in the ground during break time.
I love my school because it makes me feel happy.
Summary: On What Basis Paragraphs Are Formed
Basis Used How
Topic Sentence Introduces main idea clearly
Parts of Speech Build meaningful and rich sentences
Sentence Types Use simple, compound, complex forms
Coherence & Unity All lines talk about the same topic
Flow (Line-by-line logic) Each sentence adds to the previous
I'll give you topics — you write a paragraph:
Topics:
1. My Best Friend
2. A Day at the Park
3. My Favorite Festival
4. A Rainy Day
1. Paragraph: My Best Friend (Line-by-line)
Line 1 (Topic sentence):
My best friend's name is Arjun.
Introduces the topic (noun: Arjun)
Line 2 (Description):
He is very smart, kind, and helpful.
Adjectives: smart, kind, helpful
Line 3 (Activities together):
We play cricket every evening and also study together.
Verb: play, study
Conjunction: and
Adverb: every evening
Line 4 (Helpful nature):
When I have a doubt, he explains it to me patiently.
Complex sentence
Adverb: patiently
Clause: When I have a doubt
Line 5 (Conclusion):
I feel lucky to have Arjun as my best friend.
Personal opinion, final line
Final Paragraph:
> My Best Friend
My best friend's name is Arjun.
He is very smart, kind, and helpful.
We play cricket every evening and also study together.
When I have a doubt, he explains it to me patiently.
I feel lucky to have Arjun as my best friend.
2. Paragraph: A Day at the Park (Line-by-line)
Line 1 (Topic):
Last Sunday, I went to the park with my family.
Nouns: Sunday, park, family
Verb: went
Line 2 (Description):
The weather was pleasant and the park was full of people.
Adjective: pleasant
Compound sentence: joined with and
Line 3 (What you did):
I played on the swings, ran on the grass, and clicked pictures.
Verb list: played, ran, clicked
---
🔹 Line 4 (Feelings):
I felt so happy because I love spending time outdoors.
Complex sentence using "because"
Verb: love
Adverb: happily (implied)
Line 5 (Conclusion):
That day at the park was truly memorable.
Closing line with opinion
Final Paragraph:
> A Day at the Park
Last Sunday, I went to the park with my family.
The weather was pleasant and the park was full of people.
I played on the swings, ran on the grass, and clicked pictures.
I felt so happy because I love spending time outdoors.
That day at the park was truly memorable.
3. Paragraph: My Favorite Festival (Line-by-line)
Line 1 (Topic):
My favorite festival is Diwali.
Clear start: introduces the main idea
Line 2 (Description):
It is the festival of lights and happiness.
Noun: lights
Abstract noun: happiness
Line 3 (Activities):
We clean our house, decorate with lamps, and wear new clothes.
Verbs: clean, decorate, wear
Adjective: new
Line 4 (Celebration):
At night, we light diyas and burst crackers joyfully.
Preposition: at night
Adverb: joyfully
- Line 5 (Conclusion):
I enjoy Diwali because it brings joy and togetherness.
Complex sentence: "because"
Noun: joy, togetherness
Final Paragraph:
> My Favorite Festival
My favorite festival is Diwali.
It is the festival of lights and happiness.
We clean our house, decorate with lamps, and wear new clothes.
At night, we light diyas and burst crackers joyfully.
I enjoy Diwali because it brings joy and togetherness.
4. Paragraph: A Rainy Day (Line-by-line)
Line 1 (Topic):
Yesterday, it rained heavily in our town.
Verb: rained
Adverb: heavily
Line 2 (Atmosphere):
The sky was dark and full of clouds.
Adjectives: dark, full
Line 3 (Activities):
I stayed inside the house and watched cartoons with hot snacks.
Compound sentence
Noun: cartoons, snacks
Line 4 (Observation):
The children were playing in the puddles outside.
Prepositional phrase: in the puddles
Line 5 (Conclusion):
Even though I stayed indoors, I really enjoyed the rainy day.
Complex sentence using Even though
Final Paragraph:
> A Rainy Day
Yesterday, it rained heavily in our town.
The sky was dark and full of clouds.
I stayed inside the house and watched cartoons with hot snacks.
The children were playing in the puddles outside.
Even though I stayed indoors, I really enjoyed the rainy day.
FINAL RECAP: Paragraph Formation Basis
Step What it Includes
Topic Sentence Starts with clear idea (noun + verb)
Body Sentences Use adjectives, adverbs, prepositions
Mixed Sentences--- Include simple, compound, and complex
Parts of Speech ---All 8 types: noun, verb, adjective, etc.
Logical Flow ----One idea connected line by line
Conclusion ---Finishes with feeling or final opinion
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BUILD SENTENCES USING THE WORD BANK
🔸 Word Bank:
Nouns Verbs Adjectives Adverbs Prepositions
boy --runs-- tall --fast --on
girl reads happy slowly in
teacher sings clever loudly under
dog writes little quickly near
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VERB + ADVERB PAIR PRACTICE
Let’s practice combining verbs with suitable adverbs.
🔹 Match the pairs:
Verb Adverb Full Sentence Example
run --quickly --He runs quickly.
speak --politely --She speaks politely.
write --neatly-- Riya writes neatly.
cry --loudly --The baby cries loudly.
walk --slowly-- Grandma walks slowly.
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What is an Adjective?
An adjective is a word that:
> Describes or gives more information about a noun (person, place, thing).
It tells us:
What kind? (big, beautiful, red)
How many? (two, many, few)
Which one? (this, that, these)
Step 2: What is a Noun?
A noun is a name of a person, place, thing, or idea.
Example nouns:
boy, dog, school, house, car
-Step 3: What do "big" and "beautiful" do?
Let’s look at this sentence:
> It is a big and beautiful house.
Now break it:
house = noun (thing)
big = tells size of the house
beautiful = tells appearance or quality of the house
So,
"big" describes the noun → adjective
"beautiful" describes the noun → adjective
Step 4: Real Examples:
Sentence Noun Adjective(s) Why it's an adjective
I live in a big house. house big tells the size of the house
She has a beautiful smile. smile beautiful tells the quality of the smile
They bought a red car. car -red -tells the color of the car
He is a smart boy. boy smart tells the nature of the boy
We ate two mangoes. mangoes- two-- tells the quantity of mangoes
Easy Trick to Know if It's an Adjective:
Ask yourself:
> "Is this word describing a noun?"
If yes → It's an adjective
If it tells size, color, shape, quality, number → It's an adjective
Final Test:
Let’s test “big” and “beautiful”:
Word What does it describe? Describes a noun? Is it an adjective?
big --size --yes (house) -- Yes
beautiful --appearance/quality --yes (house/smile) --Yes
In Short:
Word Part of Speech Why?
big Adjective Describes the size of a noun
beautiful Adjective Describes the quality of a noun
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